Genotypic Difference in Actinidin Concentration and Protease Activity
in Fruit Juice of Actinidia Species


    Actinidin is known to affect the taste, allergenic properties and characteristics for food processing of the kiwifruit.  The actinidin concentration and the protease activity in the fruit juice were determined in kiwifruit of 13 cultivars obtained in Japan (six Actinidia deliciosa, five A. chinensis and two A. arguta cultivars)  by quantitative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometric assay using L-pyroglutamyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine p-nitroanilide as a substrate.    In Abbott, Koryoku, Kuimi and Sinzan, both actinidin concentration and protease activity in the juice were significantly higher than those of Hayward, the most common cultivar of kiwifruit.  In contrast to these cultivars, protease activities in Rainbow red, Hort16A and Kosui fruit juice were less than 7% of that of Hayward.
   In Rainbow red, Hort16A and Kosui, little or no proteolytic effect on milk or pork myofibrillar proteins was observed. Addition of sliced or pureed flesh of Rainbow red, Hort16A or Kosui to the gelatin jelly did not prevent the jelly from setting, whereas gelatin was thoroughly hydrolyzed by the kiwifruit juice in most of the cultivars  Protease activity in Kosui puree, when added to gelatin jelly at 50%, caused only 4-10% decrease in gel strength.  These results suggest that the raw fresh of Kosui kiwifruit can be satisfactorily used in gelatin-based foods as an ingredient.
------------------------------------------------------
For details, see the following papers.

Adv. Food Nutr. Res., 52, 293-324 (Nishiyama, 2007)

(Text in Japanese.  Abstract, figures, and tables in English.)
  J. Home Econ. Jpn., 51, 621-626 (Nishiyama, 2000)
  J. Japan. Soc. Food Sci. Technol., 49, 401-408 (Nishiyama and Oota, 2002)
  J. Japan. Soc. Food Sci. Technol., 51, 491-494 (Yamanaka et al., 2004)

  J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci., 73, 157-162 (Nishiyama et al., 2004).



Cultivar
Actinidin concentration (mg/ml)
Protease activity (nmol pNA released/min)
Hayward
2.9
6.3
Bruno
3.1
5.6
Abbott
3.9
10.1
Elmwood
3.1
5.8
Koryoku
4.4
11.9
Sanryoku
3.2
7.7
Kuimi*
5.7
13.3
Koshin
2.8
5.5
Golden king
2.6
5.9
Rainbow red
N.D.
0.44
Hort16A**
N.D.
0.42
Kobayashi39
2.6
6.7
Pure country
2.2
7.7
First emperor
1.1
4.0
Tear drop
1.0
2.9
Kosen
N.D.
0.08
Grape kiwi
1.8
6.5
Sanuki gold
6.1
15.1
Kosui
N.D.
0.38
Sinzan
5.0
208
Hirano
10.7
166
Gassan
10.6
115
Issai
1.6
25.7
Mitsuko
9.3
114
Wild type
1.7
75.1
Baby kiwi (Ananasnaya)
5.4
113
Awaji
N.D.
0.84
Nagano
N.D.
0.82
○○○
Values represent means of 8-16 experiments.
* Synonymous with "Apple kiwi" or "Kaimitsu."
**Known commercially as "ZESPRI Gold" kiwifruit.
Figures in red: Significantly higher than the corresponding value of Hayward.
Figures in blue: Significantly lower than the corresponding value of Hayward.
N.D.: not detected
○○○
   Actinidin concentration in the fruit juice was determined by quantitative SDS-PAGE using purified actinidin as a standard.
     
   Protease activity in the fruit juice was determined by spectrophotometric assay using L-pyroglutamyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine p-nitroanilide as a substrate.

 
SDS-PAGE analysis of Actinidia fruit juice proteins of various cultivars

M: Molecular weight marker proteins,  1: Hayward,  2: Bruno,  3: Abbott,  4: Elmwood,  5: Koryoku,  6: Sanryoku,  7: Kuimi,  8: Koshin,  9: Golden king,  10: Rainbow red,  11: Hort16A,  12: Kosui,  13: Sinzan,  14: Hirano,  15: Gassan,  16: Issai,  17: Mitsuko,  18: Awaji,  19: Nagano,  A: Purified actinidin